He further contended that fluid intelligence is capable of flowing into a myriad of diverse cognitive activities. Horn (1969) pointed out that fluid intelligence is formless, and relies only minimally upon acculturation and prior learning, which includes both formal and informal education. It is correlated with essential skills such as comprehension and learning.Īs Raymond Cattell (1967) pointed out, it is a capacity to “perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction related to those relationships”.Įxamples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles, constructing strategies to deal with new problems, seeing patterns in statistical data, and engaging in speculative philosophical reasoning (Unsworth, Fukuda, Awh & Vogel, 2014). The two concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence were further developed by Cattell’s former student and cognitive psychologist John Leonard Horn (Horn & Cattell, 1967).įluid intelligence is the capacity to think speedily and reason flexibly in order to solve new problems without relying on past experience and accumulated knowledge.įluid intelligence allows us to perceive and draw inferences about relationships among variables, and to conceptualize abstract information, which aids problem-solving. He pointed out that the latter involves knowledge acquisition and crystalized skills which can be upset individually without impacting the others. He proceeded to identify the other component as a part invested in the areas of crystalized skills. In his book Intelligence, Its Structure, Growth, and Action, Cattell identified one component of general intelligence as embodying a fluid quality and being directable to any problem (Cattell, 1987). He argued that fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence are two categories of general intelligence. crystallized intelligence was first postulated as a psychometrically based theory by psychologist Raymond B. crystallized intelligence simultaneously challenges and extends what was once supposedly the single construct of general intelligence. These are fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. General intelligence encapsulates correlations among various cognitive tasks which can be categorized into two subdivisions (Cattell, 1971). It is a construct of psychometric investigations of human intelligence and our cognitive abilities. Our capacity to learn the novel and recall the past is called general intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Various tools are used to measure fluid and crystallized intelligence, and new research suggests that fluid intelligence can be improved although it was hitherto supposed to be static.Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence rely on distinct brain systems despite their interrelationship in the performance of many tasks.Fluid intelligence involves comprehension, reasoning and problem solving, while crystallized intelligence involves recalling stored knowledge and past experiences.Our general intelligence which enables us to learn and recall, comprises our fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
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